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The inland taipan (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus''), also commonly known as the western taipan, the small-scaled snake, or the fierce snake,〔White, Julian (November 1991). (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' ) . "Neurotoxic paralysis usually takes 2-4 hours to become clinically detectable. Coagulopathy however may become well established within 30 minutes of a bite" International Programme on Chemical Safety. Retrieved November 8, 2013.〕 is an extremely venomous snake of the taipan (''Oxyuranus'') genus, and is endemic to semi-arid regions of central east Australia.〔Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). (ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan ) Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.〕 Aboriginal Australians living in those regions named the snake ''Dandarabilla''.〔Queensland Snakes . (History & Discovery ). (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.〕 It was first described by Frederick McCoy in 1879 and then by William John Macleay in 1882, but for the next 90 years, it was a mystery species to the scientific community. No more specimens were found, and virtually nothing was added to the knowledge of this species until its rediscovery in 1972.〔〔Rediscovery. (The Rediscovery of the Western Taipan ). (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.〕 The inland taipan is considered the most venomous snake in the world; based on the median lethal dose value in mice, its venom, drop for drop, is by far the most toxic of any snake – much more so than even sea snakes〔 * The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). ("Which snakes are the most venomous?" ). University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute. (Frequently Asked Questions -What is the most venomous snake? ). "Many experts answer that it is the Inland Taipan of Australia, because its drop-by-drop concentration of venom has great potency when measured by its ability to kill rodents" . University of Arizona. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. (Frequently Asked Questions About Venomous Snakes ). "A comparative study found that the snake venom that is most toxic to mice (of the species tested) is that of the Inland Taipan (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus''), found in Australia". University of Florida. Retrieved November 5, 2013. * * * Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) (Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus ''Oxyuranus'' ). "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013.〕〔 * LISTS . (Nine of the World's Deadliest Snakes ). "#1: The snake with the world's deadliest venom - ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus''" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 5, 2013. * BBC Nature Wildlife. (Inland Taipan page ). "Australia's inland taipan is considered to be the most venomous snake in the world". BBC. Retrieved October 15, 2013. * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). (ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan ) "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * Steve Irwin presentation .(Australia Zoo Tour with Steve Irwin ) (1m54s) "..the number 1 most venomous snake in the entire world, the fierce snake". Australia Zoo (official Youtube Channel). Retrieved October 14, 2013.〕〔Inland Taipan Venom vs. Sea Snakes Venom (most notable Belcher's sea snake) * Oakley, Cecily (2011). (Interview with Associate Professor Bryan Fry Biochemist and molecular biologist ). "...For my PhD, I worked on the inland taipan, which is the world’s most venomous snake..." . Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * Fry, Brian site admin (April 10, 2005) (Most Venomous ), Question: " ...I was talking to another herpatolagist and he said the hook nosed sea snake was the most venomous of all" Fry Answers: "The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called 'Snakes in question'. In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, its apples and rocks." Venomdoc forums, Retrieved February 25, 2015 * kingsnake.com September Guest Chatter (September 16, 2006).(Q&A with Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry, Deputy Director, Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne ). "Q: In retrospect to the LD50 charts, what do you personally feel is the hottest snake, in regards to potency, defensiveness, means of injection, etc.? A: It is the inland taipan (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus''). Not, as is popularised, any of the sea snakes." connectedbypets.com. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * Garden of Eden Exotics (May 2, 2012) (Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry – Interview ) "...The inland taipan (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus') is far and away the most toxic, much more so than even sea snakes." nyexotics.blogspot.com Retrieved October 14, 2013〕 – and it has the most toxic venom of any reptile when tested on human heart cell culture.〔(Fry, Bryan ) (February 08, 2005) (Most Venomous ),"Q;I was wondering what snakes venom is the most potent to humans A:Drop for drop it is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), which has a venom more toxic than any other land snake or even the sea snakes." venomdoc.com Forums, Retrieved April 17, 2014〕〔Seymour, Jamie, (World's Worst Venom ), (Min 44.33) "Among the reptiles tested, the most toxic venom belongs to inland taipan, killing over 60% of heart cells in the first 10 minutes" National Geographic Channel Retrieved April 17, 2014〕〔Seymour, Jamie, (Venom deathmatch ) "They have the most toxic venom towards humans then any other snake in the world" (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014〕 Unlike most snakes, the inland taipan is a specialist mammal hunter so its venom is specially adapted to kill warm-blooded species.〔 * Shorter, Damon. (Great Australian bites – Three of the worst ). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 16, 2013. * ( Inland Taipan ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' ). venomsupplies.com. Retrieved October 18, 2013.〕 It is estimated that one bite possesses enough lethality to kill at least 100 full grown men,〔 * Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) (Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus ''Oxyuranus'' ). "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013. * ("REPTILES – FIERCE SNAKE" ) . Australia Zoo. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * Martin, Stella (January 2004). (Newsletter No. 80 ). "It has been calculated that there is enough venom in just one bite of an Inland taipan to kill more than 100 men of average size." Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland). Retrieved October 18, 2013. * News (September 28, 2012) (Meet the world's deadliest snake in safety ), Taronga Conservation Society Retrieved September 23, 2014 * Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). (Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos ) "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". Time (magazine). Retrieved October 15, 2013.〕 and, depending on the nature of the bite, it has the potential to kill someone in as little as 30 to 45 minutes if left untreated.〔 * Hoy, Tiffany, (July 25, 2012) (Gallery: Australia's 10 most dangerous snakes ) , Australian Geographic retrieved April 02.,2014 * White, Julian (November 1991). (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' ) . "Neurotoxic paralysis usually takes 2-4 hours to become clinically detectable. Coagulopathy however may become well established within 30 minutes of a bite" International Programme on Chemical Safety. Retrieved November 8, 2013. * Division of Medical Toxicology. ("Summary for Human Bite by Inland Taipan (''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'')" ). University of California, San Diego. Retrieved October 15, 2013. *Welton, Ronelle Ellen (2005) PhD thesis. (Proteomic and genomic characterisation of venom proteins from ''Oxyuranus'' species ). "studies have shown that inland taipan venom has a higher hyaluronidase activity compared to coastal taipan venom" . James Cook University. Retrieved November 15, 2013. * Gardiner, Stephanie (September 27, 2012). ("Mystery over boy bitten by world's most venomous snake " ). (Quoting Julie Mendezona, Head keeper of Reptiles and Spiders, Australian Reptile Park) The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * News from Australia (September 27, 2012). (Deadly Taipan snake may have been a pet: catcher ). (Quoting licensed reptile handler, (Barry Martin )) australiantimes.co.uk. Retrieved October 18, 2013.〕 It is an extremely fast and agile snake that can strike instantly with extreme accuracy,〔 * (November 29, 2011). (Snake Bite ), Raymond Hoser (Official YouTube channel) retrieved March 31, 2014 *Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). (Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos ) "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". Time (magazine). Retrieved October 15, 2013. * News (October 10, 2013).( Street's Corner: Houdini Heir Tries To Escape World's Deadliest Snake ). KABB . (KABB "Fox San Antonio" official YouTube Channel). Retrieved November 11, 2013. * Clinical Toxinology Resources. ( Snakebite Protocols – ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' ). "Signs and Symptoms of Envenomation: ''E. Fang Marks:'' The snake strikes with extraordinary speed and accuracy, often snapping its jaws fiercely several times which can result in multiple punctures in the same attack.", "Special Considerations: ''A. Multiple Bites:'' The Inland Taipan is an extremely fast and agile snake which can strike instantly with extreme accuracy. It is possible for a Taipan to deliver more than one bite in a single attack." University of Adelaide. Retrieved October 18, 2013〕 often striking multiple times in the same attack,〔 * Seymour, Jamie, (Venom deathmatch ) The snake demonstrates striking multiple times (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014 * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). (ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan ). Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * Clinical Toxinology Resources. ( Snakebite Protocols – ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' ). "Signs and Symptoms of Envenomation: ''E. Fang Marks:'' The snake strikes with extraordinary speed and accuracy, often snapping its jaws fiercely several times which can result in multiple punctures in the same attack.", "Special Considerations: ''A. Multiple Bites:'' The Inland Taipan is an extremely fast and agile snake which can strike instantly with extreme accuracy. It is possible for a Taipan to deliver more than one bite in a single attack." University of Adelaide. Retrieved October 18, 2013.〕 and it envenoms in almost every case.〔ABC News 24 (September 27, 2012) . (Teen hospitalised after bite from deadly Taipan ). (Quoting Toxicologist, (Dr Geoff Isbister )) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.〕 Although extremely venomous and a capable striker, in contrast to the rather aggressive coastal taipan, the inland taipan is usually quite a shy and reclusive snake, with a placid disposition,〔 * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). (ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan ) "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * South Australia arid lands natural resources management board. (Biodiversity studies, Student fact sheet ). Government of South Australia. Retrieved October 15, 2013. * Clinical Toxinology Resources. ("''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' -General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid , Antivenoms" ). University of Adelaide. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * ABC News 24 (September 28, 2012) . ('Placid' taipan in safe hands ). (Quoting licensed reptile handler, (Judith Martin )) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.〕 and prefers to escape from trouble.〔 * Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). (Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos ) "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". Time (magazine). Retrieved October 15, 2013. * Threatened species October 10, 2012. (Fierce Snake – profile ). Office of Environment and Heritage (New South Wales). Retrieved October 15, 2013.〕 However, it will defend itself and strike if provoked,〔 * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). (ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan ) "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013. * News (October 10, 2013).( Street's Corner: Houdini Heir Tries To Escape World's Deadliest Snake ). KABB . (KABB "Fox San Antonio" official YouTube Channel). Retrieved November 11, 2013. * Steve Backshall (May 19, 2013) film clip. (The most venomous snake on earth! - Deadly 60 - BBC ). BBC Earth (official YouTube channel). Retrieved November 14, 2013.〕 mishandled,〔 * ABC News 24 (September 28, 2012) . ('Placid' taipan in safe hands ). (Quoting licensed reptile handler, (Judith Martin )) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013. * (November 29, 2011). (Snake Bite ), Raymond Hoser (Official YouTube channel) retrieved March 31, 2014〕 or prevented from escaping.〔Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). (Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos ) "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". Time (magazine). Retrieved October 15, 2013.〕 Also because it lives in such remote locations, the inland taipan seldom comes in contact with people;〔Aussie Animals.( Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) ). Billabong Sanctuary. Retrieved October 18, 2013.〕 therefore it is not considered the most deadly snake in the world overall, especially in terms of disposition and human deaths per year.〔 * Venomous Snakes. (World's Deadliest Snakes – Ranking scale ). Reptile Gardens. Retrieved October 18, 2013. * Walls, Jerry G. . (Deadly Snakes: What are the world's most deadly venomous snakes? ). Reptiles (magazine). Retrieved November 5, 2013. * National Geographic Channel, (Dangerous Encounters with Brady Barr), video clip. (Deadliest Snakes / Inland Taipan ) "in Deadliest Snakes, Brady approaches seven of the world's most dangerous and venomous snakes to determine which snake is the deadliest. He will scientifically investigate each species of snake by grading them on five basic criteria: size, volume and toxicity of venom, personality, and number of human deaths." Reptile Gardens (video host). Retrieved November 6, 2013.〕 The word "fierce" from its alternative name describes its venom, not its temperament.〔Threatened species October 10, 2012. (Fierce Snake – profile ). Office of Environment and Heritage (New South Wales). Retrieved October 15, 2013.〕 ==Taxonomy== The inland taipan first came to the attention of western science in 1879. Two specimens〔 of the fierce snake were discovered in the junction of the Murray and Darling Rivers in northwestern Victoria and described by Frederick McCoy, who called the species ''Diemenia microlepidota'', or small-scaled brown snake. In 1882 a third specimen was found near Bourke, New South Wales, and William John Macleay described the same snake under the name ''Diemenia ferox'' (thinking it was a different species〔).〔〔 In 1896 George Albert Boulenger classified both as belonging to the same genus, ''Pseudechis'' (black snakes), referring them as ''Pseudechis microlepidotus'' and ''Pseudechis ferox''.〔 In 1956, relying only on published descriptions and notes,〔Kinghorn, J. Roy (September 1, 1955). (Herpetological notes. No. 5 ) (page 284). Australian Museum Scientific Publications, Retrieved November 14, 2013〕 James Roy Kinghorn regarded ''ferox'' as a synonym for ''microlepidotus'' and proposed the genus ''Parademansia''. In 1963 Eric Worrell considered ''Parademansia microlepidotus'' and ''Oxyuranus scutellatus'' (coastal taipan, named simply "taipan" in those days) to be the same species.〔 No more specimens were collected until 1972.〔〔 In 1967 a tour guide was bitten in far southwest Queensland, and barely survived. What was thought to be at the time a western brown snake (''Pseudonaja nuchalis'') was, after its rediscovery in 1972, identified as an inland taipan.〔 In September 1972, after receiving an unclassified snake head sample from a grazier from one of the Channel Country stations west of Windorah of the far southwest Queensland, herpetologists Jeanette Covacevich (then working for the Queensland Museum) and Charles Tanner travelled to the site and found 13 living specimens, and rediscovered the lost snake ''Parademansia microlepidotus''.〔 In 1976 Jeanette Covacevich and John Wombey argued that ''Parademansia microlepidotus'' belongs to a distinct genus, and this was also the opinion of Harold Cogger.〔 Covacevich, McDowell, Tanner & Mengden (1981) successfully argued, by comparing anatomical features, chromosomes and behaviour of the two species then known as ''Oxyuranus scutellatus'' (taipan) and ''Parademansia microlepidota'', that they belonged in a single genus. ''Oxyuranus'' (1923), the more senior name, was adopted for the combined genus.〔 ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'' has been the fierce snake's binomial name since the early 1980s.〔Two Taipans. (Two Taipans - Coastal and Western ). (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.〕〔Covacevich, J., McDowell, S.B., Tanner, C. & Mengdon, G. (Aust. Herp. Symposium, 1980). (The relationship of the taipan (''Oxyuranus scutellatus'') and the small-scaled snake (''O. microlepidotus''), Serpentes: Elapidae ) (page 32). kingsnake.com Retrieved November 15, 2013〕 The generic name, ''Oxyuranus'', means ''oxus'' (Greek) "sharp pointed", ''oura'' (Greek) "tail"; ''-anus'' (Latin) "belonging to", and refers to the inland taipan's long pointed tail. The specific name, ''microlepidotus'', means "small-scaled" (Latin). Hence the common name, small-scaled snake.〔Welton, Ronelle Ellen (2005) PhD thesis. (Proteomic and genomic characterisation of venom proteins from ''Oxyuranus'' species ). (microlepidotus). James Cook University. Retrieved November 15, 2013.〕 Since it has been determined (Covacevich et al., 1981) that the fierce snake (formerly: ''Parademansia microlepidota'') is actually part of the genus ''Oxyuranus'' (taipan), another species, ''Oxyuranus scutellatus'', which was previously commonly named taipan (coined from the aboriginal snake's name ''Dhayban'') became coastal taipan (or eastern taipan), and the now newly classified ''Oxyuranus microlepidotus'', became commonly known as inland taipan (or western taipan).〔 The word "fierce" from its alternative name, fierce snake, describes its powerful venom.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「inland taipan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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